JavaScript Tutorial for Programmers - Operators
July 12, 1998
Operators take one or more variables or values
(operands) and return a new value;
e.g. the '+' operator can add two numbers to produce a third.
You use operators in expressions to relate values,
whether to perform arithmetic or compare quantities.
Operators are divided into several classes depending on the
relation they perform:
arithmetic or computational
Arithmetic operators take numerical values
(either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single
numerical value.
The standard arithmetic operators are:
| + |
Addition |
| - |
Subtraction |
| * |
Multiplication |
| / |
Division |
| % |
Modulus: the remainder after division;
e.g.
10 % 3 yields 1.
|
| ++ |
Unary increment: this operator only takes one
operand. The operand's value is increased by 1.
The value returned depends on whether the ++ operator is placed
before or after the operand; e.g.
++x will return the value
of
x following the increment whereas
x++ will return the value of
x prior to the increment. |
| -- |
Unary decrement: this operator only takes one
operand. The operand's value is decreased by 1.
The value returned depends on whether the -- operator is placed
before or after the operand;
e.g.
--x will return the value
of
x following the decrement whereas
x-- will return the value of
x prior to the decrement. |
| - |
Unary negation: returns the negation of operand.
|
comparison
A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a logical
value based on whether the comparison is true or not.
The operands can be numerical or string values.
When used on string values, the comparisons are based on
the standard lexicographical (alphabetic) ordering.
| == |
"Equal to"
returns true if operands are equal. |
| != |
"Not equal to"
returns true if operands are not equal. |
| > |
"Greater than"
returns true if left operand is greater than right operand. |
| >= |
"Greater than or equal to"
returns true if left operand is greater than or equal to
right operand. |
| < |
"Less than"
returns true if left operand is less than right operand.
|
| <= |
"Less than or equal to"
returns true if left operand is less than or equal to right
operand. |
boolean
Boolean operators are typically used to combine multiple
comparisons into a conditional expression.
For example, you might want to test whether
(total>100) AND (stateTax=true).
A boolean operator takes two operands,
each of which is a true or false value,
and returns a true or false result.
| && |
"And"
returns true if both operands are true. |
| || |
"Or"
returns true if either operand is true. |
| ! |
"Not"
returns true if the negation of the operand is true
(e.g.
the operand is false). |
string
Strings can be compared using the comparison operators.
Additionally,
you can concatenate strings using the
+ operator.
-
|
"dog" + "bert"
|
yields
|
"dogbert"
|
assignment
The assignment operator
(=) lets you assign a value to a variable.
You can assign any value to a variable,
including another variable (whose value will be assigned).
Several shorthand assignment operators allow you to perform an
operation and assign its result to a variable in one step.
| = |
Assigns the value of the righthand operand to
the variable on the left.
Example: total=100;
Example: total=(price+tax+shipping) |
+=
(also -=,
*=,
/=) |
Adds the value of the righthand operand to
the lefthand variable and stores the result in the lefthand variable.
Example: total+=shipping
(adds value of
shipping to
total and assigned result to
total) |
&=
(also |=) |
Assigns result of
(lefthand operand &&
righthand operand) to lefthand operand. |
special
Several JavaScript operators,
rarely used,
fall into no particular category.
These operators are summarized
below.
|
Conditional operator
- (condition) ? trueVal : falseVal
|
Assigns a specified value to a variable if a condition is true,
otherwise assigns an alternate value if condition
is false.
Example:
preferredPet =
(cats >
dogs) ? "felines"
: "canines"
- If
(cats>dogs),
preferredPet will be assigned the string value
"felines," otherwise it
will be assigned "canines".
|
| typeof
operand |
Returns the data type of
operand.
Example -- test a variable to determine if it contains a number:
if
(typeof total=="number") ... |
regular expressions (Netscape & MSIE 4)
New to JavaScript 1.2 is support for
regular expressions,
which are defined patterns used to match
character combinations appearing in string values.
Regular expressions are very powerful,
potentially allowing
you to search for any conceivable character pattern.
However,
they can also be quite complex to construct.
Because
regular expressions are widely supported in all high-level development environments,
it is advised that you consider
learning about regular expressions as a subject unto itself.
Two detailed explanations of regular expressions can be found at
JavaScript Tutorial for Programmers - Variables and Data Types
JavaScript Tutorial for Programmers
JavaScript Tutorial for Programmers - Statements
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